2.
  -2024
..  

[   (. 1707-1947)]
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.          
2. 1857        , ,   
      
-
3.      
  ?   ,   
  
4.         
-
5. 1885  1905      ,     

2.
6. 
      ?       
-
7.   , 1935           ?
8.        ?       
  -2024
..  

[   (. 1707-1947)]
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.          
:  :   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
                 22 ,
1764              -  7,000 ,
,   ,         ,  40,000-
2.
50,000      ,        
:  ,   ; --,   ;    II,  

                  
   ?  ,    ,         
   ,  200         
     
,      
󹺢    
1.      
   (1757)  ,          
       
  1760          ,  
     
,              
    ,   ,    
   
2.  
  ( )          
 
           ,  
       
            
  
               
    
     -        , 

3.   
           
1763 , ,       ,    
 
     --    II      
 
4.  
2.
   --          
 
            
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ,    (),   ( ), 
              
󽀰󽀱󽀲󽀳󽀷󽀸󽀴󽀹󽀵󽀶   (22  1764)
      40,000-50,000 ,      7,000
 (857   5,297   ) 
     ,    ,      
    
 ,   ,   ,       
   
           
   ,        
                 
    ,           
  
󷇮󷇭       |
     ,       
1.   
             
 (    )  ,      
       
,      

2.    (1765)
  ,        --   
   1765   
 :
o      ,       (
   ) 
o --            
  '    
o         ,     
2.
3.     
   ,       ,   
   
 ,      ,        
  
         ,    
 
      ,   1770    
4.    
    ,     
         
5.      
       
       ;        
    
           

6.  
         
              
            
 
󽆪󽆫󽆬   
  
       
 -       
             

      : ,     

       ,      
  
      , 
     
,     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
2.
   (1764)              
              ,
               , -
-    II           ,  
   
    :   ,  ,    , 
             "" , 
 "
" 
 ,   :        
 -   
                
 ,     
           
     -    
2. 1857        , ,   
      
::   
1857        
       
(), , 
,      -      
         
,    
             
 ,         
  ,   
,              ,
,     -   ,     
 :       
1857  ,  '           , , ,
    "  "   
      
 1857  ,      , "      

 '  
 "
 , 1858 ,        ,     
 ,             
   ,        - "  " - 

2.
               
,         , -    
   ,                
          
,     
  
             1857  ,
               , 
           ,   
           
   
              ,   
          -     
    
 :  
      ,       
                
  ,     :
1.  :       ,    , 
       ,         
        ,     
             - ,  
              
            
2.   :        
      ,    
        (ICS) ,    
  ,        -     
      
3.   :          
  '          ,  
  '    
    1857  ,   ,      
   
   :  

2.
  ,         ,     ' 
   -          ,
               
     '     1857      
  
            
1857  ,         
 : "  
      " 1858      
  '        -,    
               
     
 
   ,         -      
    -  ,   ,     
                
    -      "    "  
         "
 :    
               
        ,     
    ,  
     
  ,         -  ,   
           
1.   :,   
     
   1857  ,   
  
    
              

      
2.   :           
       ,        -
   
,           
   
3. :  , ,        
 ,            
  
 ,               
,          

2.
 :   
  , 1857              ,
 ,       ,  ,     
      '    
 -    ,
           
                ,
              
  ,  -,         
:   
 , 1857                :
  ',      ,    
   
  ',    ,      

  ',   -      ,  
      
  ',  
        
 ,    '     
 ,     
,       
     ,            
 
-
3.      
  ?   ,   
  
:        |
   
1700           ,    
             ,    
      ,     (1757)   
 (1764)   -      ,      
  
   -         
2.
,     :        '  
         ,    
  ,
   
  ,     
   
,      -    ,   ,   
         

       (1793)      '  , 
   
  ,          
         -,  ,  
   
,     --  
     ?
  1793         
 (
) 
       :

      
             
   ,     
,      
   
 , 
    '      ( ) 
               

     : " 
,  , 
 
  
,         
     
   ,  
         
  
   ,      "
 ,  ,  -    ' -     
   
  
     ,      '  ,   
       :
2.
1. 
   
  
  '           
-     -,     
2.  
                
 -     
     , 
   
    
3.   

             
       
4.    

  ()     ,     
   
   '     ,    ,  
 
   
5.        
  
          ,  
         '     
   
  ',        ,       
  
1.      
                
            
2. 
      

 
          ,    
              
3.  
   
 
      
       
 
         
     
 '  
4.     
 ,   
           
          
5.        
     
  
    -   
,              
   
2.
   
 -   ,         , 
              
1.   
         
     
            
  
     ,          
  '  
2. 
    
 
     ,   
    - '
   -  ,         
    
3.         

    '  ,        
  
    ,        

4.   - 
  
     
       
     ,        
5.   
, ,       ,     
   ,     
6.   
 
        - 
 
    -            
 
 
          
   
               ,   
      ,  ,   "   " 
 ,       
    ' -   ,   ,    
              - 
 -   
2.

 ,              ,  
    
        ,  
 ,   ,        
 
       ,    , 
 
     ,         -    


 ,              
,                
          
4.         
:     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
19
                ,
      ,    ,   
     ,     ,  ,   
       
           :      
                 
    ,     -        
    ,      ,        
      
󹺢   
1.  :   (1814)
   ,      1814       
           '       
  ,             
2.     (1828)
2.
20  1828 ,          '     
              :
   ()  
     
,     ' 
3. 1830   
1830 ,     (       )   
         '   :
  ,      
 
    
 
 ,     ' 
                
 
󷊆󷊇   
   
 1833         ,   
          :
1.      (1843)
    ,    (   ) 

1839 ,      ,  1843     

            
      
 ,          - 
 
2.      (1857  )
1857 ,     ,   ,     

               ,
,         
    '  :
o    
o  -  
2.
o   
o    
3.  (1866)
          
   ,          
1866 ,      :
o   (   )
o    (   )
4.    (1878)
 , 1878 ,              ,
           
             
    
   ,         
󷇮󷇭     
       
 -      
1.  
 :    
 , ,     
,    ' 
 ()    
2.  
    (        )
   -   
 -  
    
   -  
3.  
       ,    
    ,     

2.
4.  
   -           
        
            
󹵈󹵉󹵊     
       :
o  ,    (       
)    
o    ,      
     '      -  

󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃   
   -     ,    
    
 ,      
      
 ,    ,        
󽆪󽆫󽆬
    19
            
  1828   ,      ,    
,  -      ,     
 ,   ,      
       ,        
 ,        
   
             
 ,      :
:   , 1828, 
: ,   , ,    ,   
   
: ,  , ,  
       ,        
 -
         
2.
-
5. 1885  1905      ,     

:1885   

19
              ,  
            ,   
        -    ,    , 
          
 1885 ,           -   
         72    - , ,
    -       
   
   ,         : "   
       ?"
      (INC)    -       ,
         
   (1885–1905)
   ,             
,     ,      ,   
 ,        
    :
1.    :  ,      
 -    '    ,    
     
2.       :       
   
         
     ,         
3.     :     
                
  
4.      :  , ,   ,
           
2.
5. -  
 :     '   '    

,          -- ,
        
 ,  , 1885  1905         
,
      
   ( )
,          ?        
 :
1.    :    - ,  
   -          ,
 ,        
2.    : ,         
'   ,    ,      
3.   :          
               
    
4.  :        
 ,            
       
5.    :        
      ,         
    
   (1885–1905)
  ', 
  : "        ?"   
  ,          
1.  : , -       
          ,   
     
2.    :        

           -   
               
3.     :       
  ,  ,      , 
2.
 ,            
      
4.   :   ,       
, 1892             
 -    ,     
5.   :         
   , -       
  
6.  :    ,     
               
  
    -    
     20   
           -   
 ,   
          
     1900     ,     ,  
  (  ,  ,    )   ,   
            
    
    -  ,    (   )
 ,   1885  1905      ,    
  '
,       
1885–1905  
          ,      
       ,        
          
,     ,       :     
 ,     ,         ,
           
  
2.

 , 1885  1905  ,         '   
        ,      
,        ,   
       
         
    ,    ,
          ,    ,
      
6. 
      ?       
:  :    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
 12 , 1930       ,       ,
              
 : 240          :  
  ',       ,      

    ,         , '   
       ,       
   -               

      ,          
   
󹺢  
    
     ,    
    
1.   (1927):
o           ,
      

o           "  "     
 
2.
2.   (1928)  :
o        ,     
 
o           (1929) , 
 ( )       
o 26 , 1930      
3.  :
o  (1929)         
  ,     
o       ,       
   
4.    :
o    11   ,      ,
         
o     ,       
 
󽀰󽀱󽀲󽀳󽀷󽀸󽀴󽀹󽀵󽀶  
1.   (- 1930)
      24   240   ,    
 
6 , 1930 ,        ,   ' 

           ,   -  
'    ,       ,  
   
2.   
       :
o      
o    
o      
o       
, ,        ,    
   
3.  
     
,     90,000      
2.
   ,        
  
4. -  (1931)
     '  
1931 ,         '  :
o            
   
o            
    
,   ,      
5.     (1932–34)
  1932            
          ,   . .. 
   
1934 ,  -       '    
󷇮󷇭    
     
,        
 '   
1.  
    ,         :
o :        
 
o   :          
  
o :     
      
2.  
       '   
        ,      
   
          
2.
3.   
        
          
4.  
            
             
5.   
      
  
       ,    
 ,  
  
  ,           
'  
 
6.  
      ,       
             
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃
         

     ,     
 
            
 
  (           ) 
   
 ,    ,          
  
󽆪󽆫󽆬
 -         -      
      ,           
    ,      ,   
   
   (1920-22)  ,     (1930-34) 
              
,              
2.
 ,      :
:1930,    
: ,  ,     
:  ' ,  ,   ,  
      ,      
 - 
      ,       
,    
 
-
7.   , 1935           ?
:  :       
20
           ',   - 
        ,        
                

 ,             
   " "   , 1935       
        ,         
      
    ?        ,     
     ?    ,        
   --  
  , 1935      |
1.       
o     -       
    '     (  , , ,
)   (       ) 

o  ',          , 
         ,     
    ,       
 
2.
2.  
o            ,  
-          ,
 ,          
 
o        ,     
   ,        
o ,     " "        
   ,    ,      
          
3.   - 
o      '   ( )    
        :
   ,    ,   -
   
    ,   ,  
   
o  
     " "    ,
      '      
4.   -   
o           :
  ( )
  ( )
o         '       ,
-      -      
      ,     ,   
  
5.   
o       :
 -     (  , )
 -     (  , ,
)
 -           ,
    ,      
o      ,       ,  
    
6.  ( )
o  ,         10%
 ( 35  )    
o ,       ,  ,   '
      -  ,    -
     
2.
7.    
o          ,    
, , -,     - 
     '   
o       ' ,    
       
8.  
o    1937       ,     
          
   
  , 1935     |
  
   ,    :     
      ?       " 
"    :
1.  
o "- "      
    
      ,    
2.      
o - (      )  "-"
       ,     ,  
         
  
o   ,      " " ,  
     
  
3.   -   
 
o ""  " "      
  
         '   ,
          
4.  
o              ,
    
  90%       
    ?
5.    
o      ,      - 
     1947         
6.      
o       ,     
 '           
,     
2.
  
 ?
   ,   , 1935,       
     ,          
 , 1937              
,      
  ,      -     ,  ,  -
   -       (1950)    
:   ,    
      :   , 1935,    
                  
      '        ,  
         ,       
    ,            
 -    
   ,      
 ,           1947   
 ,   , 1935  ,          
 -   
       
  ,    
  
8.        ?       
:  :   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
 8 , 1942         (   , )
        ,     '   
,                  
 :
"  "
2.
   ,       ,       
        ,      
           ,       
,         
      
,      
󹺢       |
1.     (1942)
   ,      
        :     
 ,   -
            
 ,  
     ,          
  

            
    
2.     
  -     
   ,   ,        
1942                '
   
        
 ,     

?
3.   
1940   ,      (1920-22)  
  (1930-34)        
1929      ( )        
 
-       -     
4.    
               
     
        ,     , 
        
 
2.
5.   
          '    
         ,      

"  "       
 -      

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ,     ,  ,  ,  
          
󽀰󽀱󽀲󽀳󽀷󽀸󽀴󽀹󽀵󽀶  
8  1942 ,            
        : "
      
  "
24   , , , ,       

 -     
          
󹻦󹻧  
  ,  '  
,    
     ,    ,     
  
  ',      -    (), 
(),   () 
 ,   ,        
     
        ,      
 
     
   ',        ' 
,     ,         
,       
 
󷇮󷇭    
          
,   
  
2.
1.  
 ,    
       ,      
               
2.   
, , , , ,       
  ,         

          
 -     
3.   
 1857           
     
       ,       
 
4.  
     
 ,    ,  '    '   
 
  (1941),       ,    
     
5.   
 1944      ,         
 
 
     :       

      ,   
6.    
      ,       
   
           
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃
2.
       - 100,000      ,
   
           
         
,    
  
 ,    ,      
󽆪󽆫󽆬
1942      ,         
        "  "       
       ,          
     '   
 1857       ,      , 
              
    
 ,      :
:   ,     ,  , 

: , ,   ,  ,  

       ,      
 -  
      ,    ,    : " "
"               

       ,         "
2.